英语写作中常见错误: 一、不一致(Disagreements) 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。 例:When one have money, he can do what he want to. 剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。 改为:Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do). 二、修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers) 英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解。 例:I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末。 三、句子不完整(Sentence Fragments) 在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。 例:There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on. 剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on."不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。 改为:There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper. 四、悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers) 所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如: At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明“谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。 改为:When I was ten, my grandfather died. 例:To do well in college, good grades are essential. 剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚。 改为:To do well in college, a student needs good grades. 五、词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech) “词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等。 例:None can negative the importance of money. 剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。 改为:None can deny the importance of money. 六、指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns) 指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句: Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。) 读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. 例:And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. 剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。 改为:We can also know society by serving it ourselves. 七、不间断句子(Run-on Sentences) 什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。 例:There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:"There are many ways."以及"We get to know the outside world."简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。 改为:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world. 八、措词毛病(Troubles in Diction) Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。 例:The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。) 剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为"abusive use (滥用)"。 改为:The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution. 九、累赘(Redundancy) 言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词,写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组,能用词组的不用从句或句子。如: In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him. 本句的"the fact that he is lazy"系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him. 例:For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。 改为:Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need. 十、不连贯(Incoherence) 不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。 例:The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。 改为:Fresh water is the most important thing in the world. 声明:本双语文章的中文翻译系沪江英语原创内容,转载请注明出处。中文翻译仅代表译者个人观点,仅供参考。如有不妥之处,欢迎指正。 |